Australia is the driest inhabited continent on earth, yet is has been the traditional lands of its original inhabitants for thousands of generations because of their knowledge of water in the landscape. Australia’s First Peoples its Aboriginal people rely on surface water and groundwater, this has been the case for generations primarily to ensure their survival in a dry landscape. Aboriginal people place protecting water landscapes as a high priority as it is a cultural obligation to do so. The challenge ahead for Australia’s First Peoples is to ensure their value and relationship with water is not diminished by modern day water planning. Aboriginal people acquire the right wisdom and traditional knowledge from their Elders and many indicate that the Aboriginal worldview is seeing water connected to the land and to the sky and all are viewed as inseparable, bound by traditional lore and customs for its protection. As without these there is no culture or survival. For a people in a dry landscape, traditional knowledge of finding, re-finding and protecting water sites has been integral to their survival for so long. Aboriginal water dependent cultural values include tangible and non-tangible aspects, these are being reviewed to include cultural and Spiritual values for water quality and the NSW Governments Aboriginal Water Initiative (AWI) the only Aboriginal water unit in Australia is also changing the landscape on ways Aboriginal water values and uses are being considered and protected.